have formed in the last decades, the Kachelotplate (170 ha) near the Lower Saxon island of Memmert and Juist, and a new island of about 14 ha at Norderoogsand in Schleswig-Holstein. The islands evolved from growing sandbanks which are no longer flooded during high tides so that vegetation has grown. But losses have also occurred and sandbanks have disappeared, which illustrates the highly dynamic nature of natural processes.